Crumble cooled vanilla or butter cake into fine crumbs in a large bowl.
Add buttercream frosting, vanilla extract and a pinch of salt to the crumbs; mix until a uniform, slightly sticky dough forms.
Scoop tablespoon-sized portions and roll each into a smooth ball between your palms; place on a parchment-lined sheet.
Chill the rolled balls in the refrigerator for 30–60 minutes so they firm up and hold their shape.
Melt 8–10 oz of white chocolate or candy melts in a heatproof bowl over simmering water or in short microwave bursts, stirring until smooth.
Dip the tip of a cake pop stick into the melted chocolate, then insert it halfway into each chilled ball to anchor the stick; return to chill 10 minutes.
If needed, thin the melted coating with a small amount of vegetable oil for smoother dipping.
Hold each stick and dip the cake pop fully into the coating, tapping gently to remove excess and rotate for an even finish.
Set upright in a stand to dry; while coating is wet, apply edible gold leaf, gold dust or sprinkles as desired.
Allow coating to set completely at room temperature or briefly in the refrigerator, then serve or store as directed.